We found that most studies in the 2000s that defined race and/or ethnicity used self-identification to assign a participant's race/ethnicity. We also recognise that by giving each mention of an explanation equal weight in our count of explanation frequency, we may not have captured the full meaning and/or intent of authors' explanations. 2019 Impact Factor. However, we did employ sampling, to check on the reliability of our classifications, and standardised definitions, developed through consultation with all authors. Moreover, selective publication of research findings (reporting biases), or a deliberate selection of a “literature comparison group” which provides the desired contrast, could have influenced our findings. Online ISSN: 1399-3003, Copyright © 2020 by the European Respiratory Society. 1) How was race and/or ethnicity defined in the literature?
Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. With the exception of anthropometric differences, categories were mutually exclusive. M. Wolfgang examined a 10% sample of the 10 471 (first 10 citations in each group of 100 chronologically ordered citations) and identified no additional articles meeting our criteria. In the 189 studies that reported lower lung function in “other racial and ethnic groups”, 21.8% and 29.4% of explanations cited inherent factors and anthropometric differences, respectively, whereas 23.1% of explanations cited environmental and social factors. used the terms “race” and/or “ethnicity” or “stock”, or terms such as “Caucasian” or “Mongoloid”). I develop a concept of racial distance, which improves upon the in-group out-group focus of the race and ethnic politics literature. This paper traces the centrality of the human face in the construction of modern individuality. Ancestry itself is not consistently defined and, in the case of lung function, the use of ancestry is built on traditional race-based models [6, 41, 42]. Commonly used terms for groups in this literature that we classified as “white” by frequency of usage were: white, Caucasian, European or European descent, American, Western and several UK populations. Some articles included more than one explanation.
Login failed. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. I argue that the answer to this question can be found in the extent to which individuals are apparently consistent with the prototypical individual in their group. Subscribe. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. 249-274; Article; Access; PDF HTML ; Export citation View abstract. We also thank M. Gerdes and K. Saxton (formerly of Brown University) for their help in abstracting articles, M.C. By the 1960s, most researchers included a long list of potential explanations, such as “environment” or nutrition, in addition to or in conjunction with biological or genetic factors. We coded explanations into one of seven categories: 1) inherent differences between racial/ethnic groups; 2) anthropometric differences; 3) environmental and social factors; 4) mechanical factors; 5) technical factors; 6) other; or 7) no explanation (online supplementary table S2). Corresponding authors were from 39 countries, with the highest proportion from the USA (68 out of 226; 30.1%), followed by India (31 out of 226; 13.7%) and the UK (26 out of 226; 11.5%). For example, while Indian researchers have compared lung function among regional groups within India, Indian researchers have historically drawn more extensively on environmental explanations. Citation search . Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below, Methodological Innovations in the Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, Race, Racism, and Racialization in Popular Culture. The changing nature of race over time provides compelling evidence that race is a social category. Despite the challenges, continued dialogue in biomedical journals and at conferences on how underlying assumptions about race and ethnicity shape design and interpretation of research is of great importance. The primary investigator (L. Braun), M. Wolfgang and two research assistants abstracted key data, including: the populations compared and whether investigators included a description of the procedures they employed to assign individuals to a race or ethnic group in the Methods section of the paper; whether FVC, VC, and FEV1 were measured; and whether racial and/or ethnic differences in lung function were observed between study groups. The present study contributes to the debate by showing that the majority of the literature comparing lung function in white subjects with other racial groups has generally ignored the importance of socioeconomic factors. The relationship between religiosity and political attitudes is well established in the United States, particularly around gendered issues like abortion. We excluded articles that only made within-group comparisons. Of the 189 articles in which “other race and ethnic groups” were reported to have lower lung function than “white”, the most common explanations suggested were anthropometric differences (93 out of 316; 29.4%) followed by environmental differences (73 out of 316; 23.1%), and inherent differences (69 out of 316; 21.8%) (authors could provide more than one explanation). [10], for example, stated that “the lower FVC and FEV1 values among blacks are related to genetic rather than to environmental variables”. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.
Our data indicate that in the 2000s, studies were more rigorously designed and they defined race and/or ethnicity more often. While self-identification of race and ethnicity is appropriate for understanding social experiences in certain research contexts, it is inappropriate for genetic causality studies. 6th Edn, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Understanding socioeconomic and racial differences in adult lung function, Association between air pollution and lung function growth in Southern California children, Improving the use of race and ethnicity in genetic research: a survey of instructions to authors in genetics journals, Shades of citizenship: race and the census in modern politics, Genetics. Nonetheless, only some journal editors require that race be defined in articles using the term and there is no consensus on how to do this . However, this relationship can be complicated by the highly gendered and racialized nature of social identities. parallel controls), seven out of 10 (70%) articles in the 2000s stated how race was defined, compared to five out of 10 (50%) and four out of nine (44%) studies conducted during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively (fig. Lung function values obtained with the spirometer are corrected for age, height, sex and race according to information on the individual patient provided by the clinician. We found that 39 out of 226 (17.3%) of the included articles defined race and/or ethnicity and the proportion of articles providing a definition increased over time. Of the 226 articles examined, 189 (83.6%) claimed that “other race and ethnic groups” had lower spirometric values, 13 (5.8%) had no difference/similar values, 10 (4.4%) had higher values and 14 (6.2%) had variable spirometric values of lung capacity as compared to “white” groups (table 3).
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Excluded articles included review articles, task force statements and non-English language articles. For example, in explaining that their “findings suggest a possible racial factor…Poverty, environment and social status, with the ensuring advantages and disadvantages, do not seem to influence the lung capacity of children”, the earliest paper in our review, published in 1922, laid the foundation for inherent difference [8].
Research Article. The Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics (JREP) is the official journal of the Race, Ethnicity, and Politics section of the American Political Science Association. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to determine 1) whether spirometry researchers have defined race and/or ethnicity in their studies, and 2) how they explained any observed differences among racial and ethnic groups. You are leaving Cambridge Core and will be taken to this journal's article submission site. For example, articles that compared Indians to Europeans and specifically used the terms race and/or ethnicity to refer to these groups were included, whereas articles that compared Indians in different regions of India (e.g.
Explanations for observed racial/ethnic differences in lung capacity that we abstracted included both explanations provided by the authors and explanations provided by others if they were cited in the Results or Discussion sections of included articles. Future lawsuits may also follow in the steps of recent successful court challenges against racially motivated packing that resulted in the reduction of minority population percentage in a previously majority-minority district in order to enhance minority opportunity in an adjacent non-majority-minority district. In contrast, McCloy [20] found “white” and Chinese to be similar. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Given that lower lung function is associated with lower socioeconomic status [34], descriptors of socioeconomic status should be taken into account when analysing lung function. We found a wide range of proposed explanations for racial and ethnic differences in lung capacity (table 4). In line with theoretical predictions, this paper finds that Democratic House candidates are less likely to receive votes among white voters with strong racial resentment toward blacks, and black Democratic candidates fare even worse.
Using the methodology of the systematic review, we searched PubMed in July 2008 and screened 10 471 titles and abstracts to identify potentially eligible articles that compared “white” to “other racial and ethnic groups”. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website.
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