In order to disperse the seeds for reproduction, each carpel in the plant is opened with a vertical slit along the outer edge. Ideal soil pH for velvetleaf is between 6.1 and 7.8, depending on location. Under farming conditions the yield usually reaches around 2.5 t per hectare of edible leaves. [14], Leaves of Corchorus olitorius are mainly known to have rich sources of many chemical compound. The fibre strands nearest the bark generally run the full length of the stem. In some systems, the seedlings are transplanted at a height of 10 cm. A jute crop is usually harvested when the flowers have been shed but before the plants’ seedpods are fully mature. The fibres are held together by gummy materials; these must be softened, dissolved, and washed away to allow extraction of the fibres from the stem, a process accomplished by steeping the stems in water, or retting. The largest importers of raw jute fibre are Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and France. The fruit measures 2 to 8 cm in length and colors vary from greyish-blue to green or brownish-black. Wherever it originated, it has been under cultivation for a very long time in both continents and probably grows, wild or as a crop, in every country in tropical Africa. It annually grows in the warmer seasons. [7] It may have also been cultivated by the Jews in the Near East, which gives the plant its name. The seeds take 17–22 days to mature once pollinated. The export of raw jute from the Indian subcontinent to the Western Hemisphere began in the 1790s.
Its specific epithet theophrasti commemorates the ancient Greek botanist-philosopher Theophrastus. This typically takes place between the months of July to September in certain locations. Seeds can remain useful ~50 years when stored in a dry location or in the soil. [3], It has flowers that are yellow; they grow up to an inch in diameter with five petals attached at the base. When the plant achieves a height of 8–25 cm, the seedlings are harrowed with a rake three to four times and weeded two to three times. [10] Cow dung, wood ashes or rotted water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) or its ashes are used as manure. Some authorities consider that it comes from the Indo-Burmese area or from India, along with several other related species.
[4] In order for Velvetleaf to grow, the soil ranges from gray-brown podzols and sandy to clay loams. Jute is one of the important natural fibers after cotton in terms of cultivation and usage. [9] Velvetleaf can be used as a treatment for dysentery and opacity of the cornea and can treat eye injuries. Burlap is made from jute. [10] Temperatures between 16.8 and 27.5 °C are optimal for the plant growth. Low temperatures from 1-8 °C lead to browning of the leaves and too high storage temperatures are manifested in leaf yellowing.
Jute’s single largest use, however, is in sacks and bags, those of finer quality being called burlap, or hessian. The fruit is spindle-shaped, dehiscent and divided into transversal sections through five valves. [3][4] The leaves and young fruits are used as a vegetable, the dried leaves are used for tea and as a soup thickener, and the seeds are edible. The plant’s light green leaves are 4 to 6 inches (10 to 15 cm) long, about 2 inches (5 cm) wide, have serrated edges, and taper to a point. Seedling damp-off occurs but can be reduced by good drainage and cultivation in humus-rich soils with adequate water holding capacity. They grow at different points along the length of the stem or are alternated along the stem, the leaves are attached to thick, long stems, and when crushed, they release an odor. In 1863…, Flax, hemp, jute, and kenaf are characterized by a high proportion of long, flexible bast fibres that are readily separated and purified from the other materials in the plant. Examples of threats include but are not limited to:[4], Davis, K. Renner, C. Sprague, L. Dyer, D. Mutch (2005). Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The jute textile industry, Bengal’s counterpart to Bombay’s cotton industry, developed in the wake of the Crimean War (1853–56), which, by cutting off Russia’s supply of raw hemp to the jute mills of Scotland, stimulated the export of raw jute from Calcutta to Dundee. C. olitorius could be grown in a floating system with nutrient solution and could produce baby leaves, which would be interesting for the fresh cut leafy vegetable industry in Europe.[20]. Richness in potassium, vitamin B6, iron, vitamin A and vitamin C make this crop particularly important, where people cover a high share of their energy requirement by micronutrient-poor staple crops. Every seed chamber contains 25 to 40 seeds, which sum up to 125 to 200 seeds per fruit. Wherever it originated, it has been under cultivation for a very long time in both continents and probably grows, wild or as a crop, in every country in tropical Africa.
[7] The seeds are eaten in China and Kashmir. It is occasionally consumed as boiled vegetable with lemon and olive oil. [6] The leaves are edible stir-fried or in an omelette.
The fibre was used primarily for cordage manufacture until 1822, when commercial yarn manufacture began at Dundee, Scot., which soon became a centre for the industry.
Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf, velvet plant, velvetweed, Chinese jute,[1] China jute, crown weed, buttonweed, lantern mallow, butterprint, pie-marker, or Indian mallow) is an annual plant in the family Malvaceae, native to southern Asia. India’s own jute-processing industry began in 1855, Calcutta becoming the major centre. [10] The yield of the crop responds more to water availability and soil organic matter than to high mineral nutrient status. [citation needed] The plant is known as maabulha in the Maldives and its leaves were part of the traditional Maldivian cuisine, usually finely chopped and mixed with Maldive fish and grated coconut in a dish known as mas huni. According to a comparative analysis of major nutrients of Corchorus olitorius seeds showed that the protein content of the Corchorus olitorius has significantly increased after seed germination process where the sugar level has decreased in the studied seeds. Elsewhere the leaves are used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The latter process involves carding, drawing, roving, and spinning to separate the individual fibre filaments; arrange them in parallel order; blend them for uniformity of colour, strength, and quality; and twist them into strong yarns.
There are 17 active nutrients compounds in Jute leaves including protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, ash, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, beta-carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid.[18]. Many textiles are made of jute, such as yarn, twine, sacking, carpet backing cloth and other blended textiles.
Jute leaves are also consumed by the Luyhia people of Western Kenya, where it … High-quality jute cloths are the principal fabrics used to provide backing for tufted carpets, as well as for hooked rugs (i.e., Oriental rugs). Attacks by Sclerotium rolfsii in dry weather of the late season can lead to wilts at the stem collar. The serrate acute leaves alternate, are 6 to 10 cm long a and 2 to 4 cm wide. The flowers sit on the end of a short stem, count 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10 free and yellow stamina. The shoot regeneration highly depends on variety, soil fertility, adequate water supply and control of weeds and pests. Besides the Indian subcontinent, jute is also grown in China and in Brazil. [3], It is unclear whether Corchorus olitorius originated in Africa or in Asia. [15] Attacks were also observed by weevils species (Myllocerus spp. Most of this fibre reaching the….
[6], In classical antiquity, Pliny recorded that jute plants were used as food in Ancient Egypt. Afterwards the fibres are cured and dried. [8] To make ropes, coarse cloth, nets, paper and caulk for boats, Velvetleaf is still being cultivated to this day in China.
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