GIF animations depicting the Galilean moon orbits and the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. [4], The four Galilean moons were the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of Amalthea, the "fifth moon of Jupiter", in 1892. The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo: he named them at the suggestion of Johannes Kepler after lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter): Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614. Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's proto-satellite disk, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust.
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. [30] The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[17][18]. The numbered names (Jupiter x) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius' names became widely used. Io has a mass of 8.93×1022 kg and takes 1.77 Earth days t… Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [14] Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it. [9], The observations of Simon Marius are another noted example of observation, and he later reported observing the moons in 1609. In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de' Medici. [18][52], Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. The discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, a geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth. In these observations, he discovered a fourth body, and also observed that the four were not fixed stars, but rather were orbiting Jupiter. [17] Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock. [52] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core. [33], The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography.
All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a telescope, if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter. [3], Galileo's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany. However, the disk mass of only 2% that of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.
[14], Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. If true, this might predate Galileo's discovery by around two millennia. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface.
They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Jupiter has 79 known natural satellites. [35] Some theories suggest that Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter. So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there. On March 12, 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. The name comes from a mythical Phoenician noblewoman, Europa, who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century. From left to right these Galilean Moons are Io, Ganymende, Europa and Callisto. [37], Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon, is named after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus's beloved. The Galilean moons were observed in either 1609 or 1610 when Galileo made improvements to his telescope, which enabled him to observe celestial bodies more distinctly than ever. Drake, Stillman (1978). [26] If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the tank-like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter. [31] Heat energy from tidal flexing ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. Surface features of the four members at different levels of zoom in each row, Jupiter and Galilean moons circa 2007, imaged by. At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. It is named after the Greek mythological nymph Callisto, a lover of Zeus who was a daughter of the Arkadian King Lykaon and a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. [48] The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbour life. [14], Galileo was able to develop a method of determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons. [18] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. The moon does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating.
[41] The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed. Galileo At Work. [3][7], On January 7, 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. [14], With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. With a diameter of 3,636 km (1,942 miles), Io is very close in size to our Moon and it is around 422,000 km (220,000 miles) from Jupiter.
The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. He continued to observe these celestial orbs from January 8 to March 2, 1610. There are 79 known moons of Jupiter. Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". "[3], Galileo asked whether he should name the moons the "Cosmian Stars", after Cosimo alone, or the "Medician Stars", which would honor all four brothers in the Medici clan. [55] The maximum angular separations of the moons are between 2 and 10 arcminutes from Jupiter,[56] which is close to the limit of human visual acuity. [15] The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present names, derived from the lovers of Zeus, which were suggested by Johannes Kepler, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.
However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa. The main problem with the technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship, a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the celatone.
[citation needed], Although not proven, recent data from the Galileo orbiter indicate that Io might have its own magnetic field. [25] Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Schenk, P. M.; Chapman, C. R.; Zahnle, K.; Moore, J. M.; Jupiter is about 750 times brighter than Ganymede and about 2000 times brighter than Callisto. The color of the markings, reddish-brown, is theorized to be caused by sulfur, but scientists cannot confirm that, because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa. [12] At Cosimo's suggestion, Galileo changed the name to Medicea Sidera ("the Medician stars"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). [3] In his dedicatory introduction, Galileo wrote: Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which, like tongues, will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time. There are many interesting moons orbiting the planet, but the ones of most scientific interest are the first four moons discovered beyond Earth—the Galilean satellites. [40], Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice, and a salt-water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede's surface, sandwiched between layers of ice. [17] These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter: Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and, with a diameter of 3642 kilometers, the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System. Jupiter has 79 known moons, the largest number of moons for a planet in the solar system, … The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ("Starry Messenger"), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.
[16], Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. They were first seen by Galileo Galilei in December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized by him as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610.
All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The surface is a mix of two types of terrain—highly cratered dark regions and younger, but still ancient, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges.
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