[26], Bedrock composes much of the streambed in the upper and lower reaches of the Kootenay, but in the middle portion, alluvial sediments allow the river to meander over a broader valley floor. [7] Other inhabitants of the area included the Montana Salish (in the south) and Shuswap (in the north), but these tribes were mostly not on the main river. [119], Solely built for the purpose of regulating water flow into Kootenay Lake, Duncan Dam, the first dam built for the treaty, was raised in 1967 and increased the 25-kilometre (16 mi) long size of Duncan Lake to a reservoir 45 kilometres (28 mi) long. In Canada, these include those listed below as well as many others. Armstrong was forced to portage the vessel and eventually made it to Golden. Fed mainly by glaciers and snow melt, the river drains a rugged, sparsely populated region of more than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi); over 70 percent of the basin is in Canada. Under this usage, for example, the Kootenay, which originates in Canada, flows back to the US, and returns to Canada, is considered part of the "Canadian portion", whereas the, Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation, Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Provincial Park and Protected Area, List of tributaries of the Columbia River, List of dams in the Columbia River watershed, U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kootenai River, "Kootenay Lake Outflow Near Corra Linn – Monthly Mean Discharge", "A River Runs Over It: To the Kootenai Tribe, the Falls is a sacred site - the center of the world, a place where tribal members can commune with spiritual forces", "United States Geological Survey Topographic Maps", "Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes / Flathead Indian Reservation", "David Thompson: Canadian Fur Trader and Mapmaker", "Fisherville—The Town That Sat on a Gold Mine", "Looking Up Wild Horse Creek/Wild Horse Bridge", "Shining Waters: Doukhobors in the Castlegar Area", "Doukhobors exodus from Saskatchewan to BC because of land loss, 1908-1913", "Early Doukhobor community sawmill Circa 1910", "Grand Forks, BC orchard and village Circa 1920s", "Brilliant Suspension Bridge opening 1913", "Wetland Action Plan for British Columbia", "Historical and Cultural Overview of the Flathead Reservation", "Montana Indians: Their History And Location", "Kootenai River Basin – Economic Base of the Watershed", "Kootenai River Basin—LAND USE (Economic Base)", "The Kootenays: Flathead Valley Controversy", "Fording Coal LTD Investigating Possibility of Developing Coal Mine in Flathead's North Fork", "Columbia River Treaty: Design and Purposes", "Dams of the Columbia Basin & Their Effects on the Native Fishery", "Treaty relating to cooperative development of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin (with Annexes)", "Columbia River Treaty: History and 2014/2024 Review", "Cross-Country Skiing, Snowshoeing and Ski Touring", "Stream Access in Montana—Rights and Responsibilities of Landowners and Recreationists", Bathymetric Surveys of the Kootenai River near Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Bonneville Slide/Bridge of the Gods land bridge, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kootenay_River&oldid=978542930, Articles with dead external links from February 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 September 2020, at 14:55. [50] Originally, the river (and the area) were known as "Stud Horse" by the early miners, but government officials changed it to Wild Horse. (However, at first, his party referred to it as Palliser's River.) Part of the lower Kootenay forms Kootenay Lake, one of the biggest natural lakes in British Columbia. They also cleared areas of level ground in order to plant orchards and fields, and constructed sawmills on the Columbia and Kootenay rivers to process the logs into lumber. Most of the gold was mined out by 1864, in June of which one American prospector wrote that some 200 miners were arriving each day. It is one of the uppermost major tributaries of the Columbia River, the largest North American river that empties into the Pacific Ocean. [80] The Doukhobor suspension bridge spanning the Kootenay River still stands, and was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1995.
[7], While searching for the ultimate source of the Columbia River, explorer David Thompson encountered Columbia Lake, where the Columbia River starts north as a small stream and the Kootenay rushes south, already a powerful river. Commercial navigation began with steamboats in the 19th century to transport ores, lumber, passengers and other imported and exported products between the Kootenay River valley and the Canadian Pacific Railway station at Golden, British Columbia. [58] Later vessels, such as the Gwendoline, had mixed success. [134] Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park, which sits right next to Kootenay in the Rocky Mountains, also has an extensive trail system affording extensive views of the surrounding ranges.
[70], When they first arrived in British Columbia, the Doukhobors began felling trees in the Kootenay River valley to build their first homesteads. Although it was a peaceful war, the publicity got the nation’s attention and at long last the Kootenais were deeded 12.5 acres of land. One of our country’s wildest rivers, the Kootenai River provides critical habitat for several rare and threatened native fish species, as well as wildlife like grizzly bear and woodland caribou. However, landlocked salmon inhabit the upper reaches of the river above and in Kootenay Lake. The underlying rock is generally stable and contains more outcroppings of metamorphic and igneous rock as one progresses westwards. Near Balfour an arm of the lake branches westward to Nelson, where the Kootenay River exits the lake below Corra Linn Dam. Things took a positive turn for the tribe. [106] [83][84] The other sections of the river flow through far more rugged terrain and are characterized by braiding, low nutrient content, shifting channels and coarse sediments, making it difficult for riparian zones to be established, as is with most of its upper and lower tributaries. [140] West Arm Provincial Park is on the impounded stretch of the Kootenay River just west of Kootenay Lake, and to the northeast of Nelson. This biologically diverse area, the Kootenay Flats, once supported over 1 million migratory birds every year, before the river was diked and many of the wetlands converted to agriculture. The Kootenay Canal Generating Station, completed in 1976 by BC Hydro, has its inlet at Kootenay Lake next to Corra Linn.
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