Even if all CNIs are described as very easy to set up, following the documentation wasn’t enough to install Cilium and Romana. create a single master cluster with kubeadm, Use System.IO.Pipelines and System.Threading.Channels APIs to Boost Performance, Managing Kubernetes Secrets Securely with GitOps, Glorious Makefile: Building Your Static Website. Here is the summary of resource consumption part : Here is an overview of all aggregated results : That final part is subjective and conveys my own interpretation of the results.
On the contrary the Calico approach relies on proxy ARP mechanism to transfer the packet to the veth counterpart device on host side and again applying the routing to take traffic out.
Maybe you are wondering what is the impact of an incorrect MTU? WeaveNet uncrypted and Canal are both pretty high with 3% overhead, but not as much as WeaveNet encrypted and Cilium, with more than 4% for each of them. Flannel works by using a vxlan device in conjunction with a …
This arp proxy responds back with its mac for the ARP request for 169.254.1.1. Calico provides two new options for installing their CNI, removing the need for a dedicated ETCD store : Calico announced support of Application Layer Policy on top of Istio, bringing security to the application layer.
The bridge then based on ARP tries to get the mac of container B. There are only two CNIs that can encrypt communications: Cilium and WeaveNet.
Which one has the best performance ? Flannel and Kube-router are both performing very well, with only about 50MB memory footprint, followed by Calico and Canal with 70MB.
Kubernetes 1.12.2 is setup on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, running Docker 17.12 (default docker version on this release). This article is a bit old now, it has been updated. So 1 permil for bare metal is 0.1% in fact. EDIT: Summary views have been updated to show raw CPU and RAM values and not calculated ones, as the calculation wasn’t obviously explained.
Here is the list of CNIs we will compare : The easiest a CNI is to set up, the best our first impression would be. In fact, Cilium, Flannel and Romana are the only one to correctly auto-detect MTU.
We can notice Kube-router and Romana are a bit faster (less than 1%) than bare-metal : tests have been re-run multiple times and results are stable. Here is the average nodes RAM usage (without buffers/cache) in MB during transfer. To maintain consistency with our benchmark scale, we use the following colors on the charts : Because we do not focus here on the performance of misconfigured CNIs, we will only show MTU tuned CNI benchmark results. WeaveNet encryption is enabled by setting an encryption password as an ENV variable of the CNI. Here is a chart showing the difference between WeaveNet with default MTU vs WeaveNet with Jumbo frames : So, now that we know MTU is very important for performance, how does these CNIs auto-detect MTU : As we see in the above graph, we have to apply some MTU tuning to Calico, Canal, Kube-router, and WeaveNet to get the best performance.
The majority of CNIs are performing well, but WeaveNet is, once again, a bit behind others. We are not covering the policies and isolation part , but only how L2 and L3 play a role in packet flows. Cilium and Flannel are able to correctly auto-detect MTU on their own, ensuring out-of-the-box best performance. In fact, Cilium and Flannel are the only one to correctly auto-detect MTU. Kube-router and Romana are a bit behind with 1.5%. Kubernetes 1.14.0 is set up on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, running Docker 18.09.2 (default docker version on this release). Weave is OSS, its not paid (they just have a paid corporate offer for their full suite). Redis: running Master-Slave replication in Kubernetes, storing state in Kubernetes API as datastore (cluster < 50 nodes), storing state in Kubernetes API as datastore with Typha proxy to reduce the pressure on the K8S API (cluster > 50 nodes), Canal v3.6 (which is, in fact, Flannel for network + Calico for firewalling). For WeaveNet encrypted, this is quite logical, because the full 10Gbit stream is encrypted, and thus uses CPU to achieve this. When comparing the security of these CNIs, we are talking about two things: their ability to encrypt communications, and their implementation of Kubernetes Network Policies (according to real tests, not from their documentation).
However, Cilium is not in that case and consumes even more than the encrypted CNI. Now, let’s see the CPU consumption. Among the 9 mentioned CNIs, we will only test 6 of them, excluding those we can not install easily and/or don’t work out of the box by following documentation (Romana, Contiv-VPP, and JuniperContrail/TungstenFabric). As a result, various projects have been released to address specific environments and requirements.In this article, we’ll explore the most popular CNI plugins: flannel, calico, weave, and canal (technically a combination of multiple plugins). To improve reproducibility, we have chosen to always setup the master on the first node, to host the server part of the benchmark on t… The test is basically a file of 10GB random bytes (to avoid possible compression side-effect), served by nginx, and downloaded from a curl client.
Everyone is pretty good here, Kube-router has a clear advantage, and WeaveNet is performing quite badly on this test, with about 20% less than bare metal. What this means is that any traffic from the container first tries to go to the default gateway IP. Flannel does not implement Network Policies. (NOTA BENE: Cilium does not calculate correctly MTU if you activate encryption, so you must manually reduce MTU to 8900 in v1.4. How does APP_INITIALIZER work?
In performance tests, we compare CNIs to bare metal (green bar). WeaveNet consumption is clearly above its competitors with about 130MB footprint. To maintain consistency with our benchmark scale, we use the following colors on the charts : We can see on TCP results that all CNIs are very good, except WeaveNet encrypted, due to the encryption process that slows down performance drastically. We are testing TCP and UDP performance (using iperf3), real applications like HTTP (using nginx and curl), or FTP (using vsftpd and curl), and finally the behavior of application encryption with SCP protocol (using OpenSSH server and client). Here is the scale we will be using to describe benchmark results and interpretation: This benchmark only focuses on the CNI list integrated into the “create a single master cluster with kubeadm” part of the official kubernetes documentation.
Since we make use of routing principles rather then L2 broadcast domains, the need of vlan is eliminated. (Nota bene : Romana´s documentation refers to network policies implementation, but this is achieved with custom Romana resources and not Kubernetes Network Policies). CNIs with encryption enabled are far behind others, due to the cost of encryption. These results were also presented during a conference at the Devops D-DAY 2018 in Marseille (France) on November 15, 2018. Both Cilium encrypted and WeaveNet encrypted are now far away from bare-metal performance. From here on the L3 routing of the host takes effect which knows how to route for the destination container IP. The routes amongst the hosts are synchronized via the BGP protocol.
WeaveNet documentation is a bit confusing, but this is quite easy to do. How to Build HTML Forms Right: Accessibility, GraphQL — Common vulnerabilities & how to exploit them, Hands-On With Quantum Ledger Database(QLDB), use Calico like mechanism with pure L3 routing without having any NAT and bridges. Check it out ! With SCP, we can clearly see the encryption cost of SSH protocol. What about a real-world application?
Here is the list of CNIs we will compare : The easiest a CNI is to set up, the best our first impression would be. We discuss today the networking in container world and primarily in context of K8s . This requires to fix all Tolerations of deployments/daemonsets present in Romana setup Yaml file. That is due to Cilium 1.4.2 only support CBC encryption, GCM would be better as it can be hardware offloaded by network adapters, but it will be part of 1.5 version of Cilium. Warning: Graph unit is not percent but permil.
Romana is not maintained anymore, so we decided to get it out of the benchmark. So what do you need to know about dynamic configuration in Angular? Network architecture is one of the more complicated aspects of many Kubernetes installations.
We can clearly see that even bare-metal performance are much lower than previously. What we should keep in mind is that both Cilium and Flannel are the only CNIs to correctly auto-detect MTU, thus providing these results out-of-the-box.
If you just want to know what has changed since last time, here is a quick summary : This benchmark shows the average bandwidth of three runs (at least) of each test.
Kube-router is actually implementing only Ingress rules. Now, let’s check the CPU consumption.
WeaveNet without encryption, Flannel and Canal are also a bit behind others CNIs. We can then figure out how much a CNI really consumes. Since container B is not on the host the traffic by bridge is forwarded at L2 to the vxlan device (software TAP device) which then allows flannel daemon software to capture those packets and then wrap then into a L3 packet for transport over a physical network using UDP. But it does not manage network for Pod-to-Pod communication. Even if HTTP is backed by TCP, in TCP benchmark iperf3 was configured to avoid any “TCP slow start” side effect, which can effectively impact HTTP benchmark.
Most other CNIs have issues raised in github to enable MTU auto-detection, but for now, we need to fix it manually by modifying a ConfigMap for Calico, Canal and Kube-router, or via ENV var for WeaveNet. Calico still needs to manually customize MTU if you want to get the best performance.
Encrypted CNIs are now very close to each other. I suggest using the following CNIs if you are in a corresponding scenario : Last but not least, I would recommend you to follow Cilium work. Anyway, the encrypted version of WeaveNet is performing about 40% better than Cilium encrypted. There is a BGP client (Bird) running on each host which makes sure each host has the updated routes. The Kubernetes networking model itself demands certain network features but allows for some flexibility regarding the implementation.
The benchmark is conducted on three Supermicro bare-metal servers connected through a Supermicro 10Gbit switch.
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